Indice

Index
Note to the Reader:
Page numbers in
bold
indicate the principal discussion of a topic or the definition
of a term. Page numbers in
italic
indicate illustrations.
Symbols and Numbers
> (angle bracket) in operational mode, 13
> (angle bracket) in set command, 32
- (minus sign) in candidate configurations, 33
+ (plus sign) in candidate configurations, 33
+ (plus sign) in set command, 32
# (pound character) in configuration mode, 23
? (question mark) in help system, 15
* (asterisk) as wildcard, 86
2-Way state in OSPF,
238
,
239
,
534
A
ABRs.
See
area border routers
accept action, 446, 447–450,
534
access lists.
See
firewall filters
actions.
See
firewall filters; routing policies
activate (configuration) command, 79
active configurations,
33
active routes,
150
,
534
Active state in BGP,
332
Address Family Identifiers,
207–208
,
207
,
208
address match conditions,
439–441
,
534
Address Resolution Protocol.
See
ARP
addresses.
See also
IP addresses
encoding in PIM protocol, 395–397,
395–396
in multicast networks
Ethernet addresses, 380–383,
381–382
IP group addresses, 378–380,
378
overview of, 377–378
static RP addresses in PIM, 410–411
adjacencies
defined,
284
,
534
forming in IS-IS, 284–285,
285
forming in OSPF
adjacency states, 238–239,
239
Ethernet links and, 243–244,
243
example, 239–240
overview of, 238
and troubleshooting, 241
overview of, 277
Adjacency-RIB-In in BGP,
337
,
534
Adjacency-RIB-Out in BGP,
338
,
534
AFI (Authority and Format Indicator),
282
,
283
aggregated routes.
See also
routing,
protocol-independent
attributes, 118–119
in BGP, route policies and, 166
configuration examples, 119–121
contributing routes, 117
defined,
116
,
116–117
,
534
next-hop options, 118
aggregation, message, in RSVP, 489,
513–514
,
553
all keyword, 503
AND operator in route filters, 168
angle bracket (>) in operational mode, 13
angle bracket (>) in set command, 32
area border routers (ABRs),
247
,
535
area match condition (OSPF),
159
areas,
535
.
See also
IS-IS; OSPF
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
defined,
534
multicast and, 380
viewing ARP tables, 90
AS (Autonomous System)
AS external LSAs,
250–255
,
251–254
,
256
,
535
AS Path attribute, 323, 331–332,
342–343
,
535
as-path match condition, 159
assigning AS numbers, 346,
346
defined,
323
,
536
GLOP addressing and, 379
ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary
Routers), 247,
536
570
ASBR summary LSAs – BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
ASBR summary LSAs,
251–254
,
251–255
,
256
,
535
ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits).
See also
Packet Forwarding Engine
defined,
535
Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs, 48–49
I/O Manager ASICs, 48
Internet Processor ASICs, 49, 139–140,
431
MPLS creation and, 474
overview of, 4, 47
in packet flow, 50–51,
50
PIC I/O Manager ASICs, 48, 557
asterisk (*) as wildcard, 86
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
networks
cell tax, 478, 538
configuring on routers, 76
defined,
535
in MPLS creation, 474
versus MPLS networks, 478–479,
478–479
as overlay network, 476–478,
476–477
virtual circuit addressing, 72
virtual circuits, versus LSPs, 487, 493
Attempt state in OSPF,
238
,
239
,
535
attributes.
See also
BGP
of aggregated routes, 118–119
configuring in dynamic LSPs, 507–510
of static routes, 112–114
authentication.
See also
firewall filters
configuring in RIP, 216–217
in OSPF, 232,
233
in RIPv2, 209
of RSVP messages, 514–515
Auto-RP,
401–402
,
411–415
,
536
Autonomous System.
See
AS
B
backbone areas in OSPF,
246
,
247
,
536
backbone routers in OSPF,
247
,
536
backup,
46
,
536
backup designated routers (BDRs),
244
,
245
,
536
bandwidth
defined,
537
requests in RSVP, 493, 507, 508–510
reservation limits in RSVP, 515–516
Bellman-Ford algorithm, 196,
537
BERT (Bit Error Rate Test),
96–97
,
537
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol),
322–371
applying policies in, 174–176, 342, 353–
354,
354
, 362
attributes
in action, 344–345
AS Path, 323, 331–332, 342–343
categories of, 339
Community, 344, 539
Local Preference, 342
Multiple Exit Discriminator, 343–344
Next Hop, 339.
See also
Next Hop
attribute
Origin, 343
TLV type bits in, 339
default integration with dynamic LSPs,
516–520,
517
default policies, 172
defined,
537
EBGP peer sessions
assigning AS numbers, 346,
346
configuring, 347–348
defined,
327–328
,
328
,
544
establishing over TCP, 327,
327
Next Hop reachability, 339–340,
340
,
357–359,
358
relationship states, 332–333
verifying, 350–353
warning, 363
exam essentials, 365–366
goals of
network connectivity, 322–323,
323
policy control, 323–324
routing table scalability, 325
transport reliability, 324
IBGP peer sessions
Active state problem, 350
assigning AS numbers, 346,
346
avoiding routing loops, 328–329, 331–
332, 342
bgp.12vpn.0 routing table – Cisco-RP-Discovery messages
571
configuring, 348–350
default route advertisement, 329–331,
330
default route table integration, 517–
520,
517
defined,
328
,
548
establishing over TCP, 327,
327
, 329
IBGP full-mesh solution,
330
, 331–332
local-address solution, 350
manual route table integration, 520–
524,
520
Next Hop unreachability, 340,
341
,
359–361
relationship states, 332–333
resolving unreachability, 341–342,
362–365
verifying, 350–353
injecting other routes into, 353–354,
354
Internet drafts for, 326
key terms, 366
loop creation and, 329, 331–332
loops, preventing, 323, 329, 342
messages
Keepalive messages, 337
message headers, 333–334,
333
Notification messages, 336–337,
336
Open messages, 334, 335
Update messages, 335–336, 336
Next Hop attribute
default resolution process, 517–520,
527
defined, 339, 554
in manual routing table integration,
520–524, 520
next-hop match condition, 159
reachability in EBGP sessions, 339–340,
340, 357–359, 358
resolving unreachability, 341–342,
362–365
unreachability in IBGP sessions, 340,
341, 359–361
overview of, 322, 325, 326, 365
as path-vector protocol, 323, 556
review question answers, 371
review questions, 367–370
RFCs for, 326
routes
default assignment to LSPs, 516–520,
517
manually assigning to LSPs, 520–524,
520
match conditions and, 160, 166
selection process, 338–339
Routing Information Bases
Adjacency-RIB-In, 337
Adjacency-RIB-Out, 338
defined, 337, 561
Local-RIB, 338
rib match condition, 159, 160, 438
updates, 325
viewing routing knowledge
advertised routes, 355
local routes, 355–357
overview of, 353, 354
received routes, 354–355
bgp.12vpn.0 routing table, 135–136
bgp.13vpn.0 routing table, 135
Bit Error Rate Test (BERT), 96–97, 537
bit field match conditions, 441–444, 537
book, this. See JNCIA Study Guide
broadcast networks. See Ethernet broadcast
networks
broadcasts, 537
BSRs (bootstrap routers)
advertising RPs, 402–403
configuring, 415–417
defined, 537
C
candidate configurations, 33–34, 538
Candidate-RP-Advertisements, 402, 538
cell tax in ATM, 478, 538
certification programs. See JNTCP
channel numbers, 64, 67
chassisd (Chassis Daemon), 6, 538
Cisco ATM Solutions: Master ATM
Implementation of Cisco Networks
(Pildush), xxxi
Cisco-RP-Announce messages, 402, 538
Cisco-RP-Discovery messages, 402, 538
572 clear (operational) command – distance-vector protocols
clear (operational) command
clear firewall, 462
clear isis adjacency, 305
clear ospf database, 262–263
clear ospf neighbor, 261
defined, 13
CLI (command-line interface). See JUNOS
software
command completion, 16–18, 26, 539
commit (configuration) command
commit and-quit, 41
commit check, 41–42
commit complete, 40
commit confirmed, 42–43
commit synchronize, 42–43
defined, 33, 39–40
community (in BGP), 159, 160, 344, 539
compare command, 33–34
configuration mode. See JUNOS software
configured routes, locally. See routing,
protocol-independent
configuring router interfaces. See Juniper
Networks routers; transient interfaces
Connect state in BGP, 332, 539
contributing routes
in aggregated routes, 117
defined, 540
for generated routes, 121–123, 121
count action modifier, 450
CSNPs (complete sequence number PDUs),
292–294, 293, 539
CSPF (Constrained Shortest Path First)
algorithm, 504, 539
cutting and pasting configuration files, 38–39
D
daemons, 6–7, 540
data link connection identifiers (DLCIs), 72–
73, 540
data packets. See messages; packets; PDUs
dcd (Device Control Daemon), 6, 541
DD (Database Description) packets, 235, 235–
236, 541
De Troch, Bruno, xxxii
deactivate (configuration) command
deactivating interfaces, 78–79
defined, 541
versus disable command, 73
dead interval values, 233, 234, 245, 541
default policies in routing protocols, 171–173
default routes, 110, 541
delete (configuration) command, 24, 32–33
dense mode. See also multicast networks
configuring, 406
configuring sparse-dense mode, 407
defined, 541
forwarding data in, 386–387, 386–388,
393
Designated Intermediate System. See DIS
election; DIS priority
designated routers. See DRs
destination-port match condition, 437
Differentiated Services Codepoint (DSCP),
437, 541
Diffie, Whitfield, 541
Diffserv (Differentiated Service) protocol, 437,
541
Dijkstra Algorithm, 231, 277, 278–279, 279.
See also SPF algorithm
directly connected IP address next-hop, 111
directories in configuration mode, 26–28
directories, manipulating files in, 44–46
DIS (Designated Intermediate System) election,
289, 289–290
DIS priority, 290
disable (configuration) command
versus deactivate command, 73
defined, 542
disabling fxp0 interface, 79–80, 302–303
warning, 302
discard, 542
discard action, 434, 446
discard next hops, 111, 118
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
(DVMRP), 387, 393, 542
distance-vector protocols. See also path-vector
protocols; RIP
defined, 323, 542
routing policies and, 151, 151
Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs – firewall filters 573
Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs, 48–49,
50–51, 50, 542
DLCIs (data link connection identifiers),
72–73, 540
Down state in OSPF, 238, 239, 284, 542
DRs (designated routers)
defined, 244, 245, 541
electing, 244–246, 245
in IGMP, 390–391
DSCP (Differentiated Services Codepoint),
437, 541
DSP (Domain-Specific Part), 282, 283
dynamic LSPs. See MPLS
E
EBGP (external BGP). See BGP
edit (configuration) command
defined, 24
edit protocols, 26–28
edit routing-options, 28
edit system, 28–29, 31–32
top edit, 28
editor macros (Emacs), 19, 543
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol), 322, 325,
543
egress routers. See also MPLS
defined, 483–484, 543
dynamic LSPs and, 506–507
static LSPs and, 497
Embedded OS software, 47, 543
encapsulation options, 69
end systems, 276, 543
EROs (explicit route objects). See also RSVP
using both loose and strict hops, 491–492,
491
configuring loose hops in, 507–508
defined, 490, 543
using loose hops, 490, 490
as named path, 507, 554
using strict hops, 490–491, 491
warning, 491
Established state in BGP, 333, 543
Ethernet broadcast networks
defined, xxvi
Internal Ethernet interface, 62–63, 545,
548
IPv4 interfaces, configuring inet to, 75–76
using LLC layer in, 292
Management Ethernet interface, defined,
62, 545, 552
Management Ethernet interface, disabling,
79–80, 302–303
multicast addressing, 380–383, 381–382
versus multicast networks, 374, 376, 376
in OSPF networks, 243–246, 243, 245
VLAN, virtual circuit addresses, 73
exact match type keyword, 165, 167, 168, 543
exams. See JNTCP
except keyword, 437
exception packets, 51–52, 543
Exchange state in OSPF, 238, 239, 543
explicit route objects. See EROs
explicit-null command, 484
export policies. See also routing policies
applying in BGP, 174–176, 342, 353–354,
354, 362
as RIP no export workaround, 212–214
export (routes to routing tables), 177, 543
ExStart state in OSPF, 238, 239, 543
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), 322, 325,
543
external BGP. See BGP
F
families, protocol, 70. See also inet; inet6;
iso; mpls
FCS (frame check sequence) property, 69
FEB (Forwarding Engine Board), 5, 545
file (operational) command, 44
file storage directories, 44–46
filters, route. See routing policies
firewall filters, 430–471
actions
accept action, 446, 447–450
action modifiers, 449–452
count modifier, 450
default final actions, 434
defined, 446, 534
574 floating static routes – fxp interfaces
discard action, 434, 446
flow-control actions, 447–449
log modifier, 446, 448–449, 450–451
next term action, 447, 449
overview of, 432
reject action, 446
sample modifier, 451–452
syslog modifier, 446, 452
terminating actions, 446–447
applying to router interfaces
overview of, 452–453
to remote in-band interfaces, 453
to Routing Engine (lo0 interface),
453–454, 454
to transit interfaces, 454, 454
warning, 454
commands for modifying
clear firewall, 462
insert, 463–464
rename, 464
commands for troubleshooting
show firewall, 460
show firewall log, 451, 460–461
show firewall log detail, 461
show interfaces filters, 462
show interfaces policers, 462–463
show log messages, 461–462
show policer, 463
defined, 430, 544
exam essentials, 465
Internet Processor ASICs and, 431
key terms, 465
match conditions
absence of, 445–446
address conditions, 439–441
bit field conditions, 441–444
defined, 552
from syntax in, 434, 440
numeric range conditions, 434–439
overview of, 432, 434
overview of, 430, 464
processing, 432
rate policing
bandwidth-limit, 455
burst-size-limit, 455–456
configuring filter policers, 456–458
configuring interface policers, 458–459
defined, 455, 557
overview of, 493
rate limits, 455–456
token-bucket algorithm, 455
review question answers, 470–471
review questions, 466–469
versus stateful firewalls, 430
terms
to accept TCP return packets, 444–445
defined, 433–434, 565
to drop known bad packets, 445–446
overview of, 432
reordering, 433, 463–464
uses, 430, 455
writing
actions, 432, 446–452
default final actions, 434
match conditions, 434–446
and naming, 432–433
overview of, 431–432
segmenting with terms, 433–434
floating static routes, 111, 112, 544
flood and prune, 386–388, 386–387, 544
flow-control actions
defined, 544
in firewalls, 447–449
in routing policies, 170
forwarding class, 455–456, 544
forwarding data. See multicast; Packet
Forwarding Engine
Forwarding Engine Board (FEB), 5, 545
forwarding table, 3, 545
FPC (flexible PIC concentrator). See also PIC
defined, 5, 544
FPC slot numbers, 64, 65, 65–66
in naming interfaces, 63–68, 65–67
overview of, 4
fragment-offset match condition, 437
frame check sequence (FCS) property, 69
Frame Relay, 72–73, 545
from syntax in match conditions, 158–159,
434, 440, 545
Full state in OSPF, 238, 239, 545
fxp interfaces. See permanent interfaces
Garbage Collection timer – interface-group match condition 575
G
Garbage Collection timer, 204, 545
Gateway Information Protocol (GWINFO),
196
generated routes. See also routing,
protocol-independent
contributing routes, 121–123, 121
defined, 121, 545
primary contributing routes, 123–125, 558
pros and cons of use, 125
GLOP addressing scheme, 379
group addresses in multicasting, 378, 378–380
group addresses in PIM protocol, 395–396,
396
H
Hammond, John L., xxxi
Handbook of Computer Communications
Standards (Stallings), 292
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control)
protocol, 69, 546
Hellman, Martin, 541
hello interval in OSPF, 233, 546
hello interval timer in RSVP, 510–511
hello mechanism in RSVP, 489, 546
Hello messages in IS-IS, 277, 285, 285
hello packets, OSPF, 232–234, 233, 556
help, context-sensitive, 15–16, 540
help (operational) command, 7–9
hierarchy directories in configuration mode,
26–28
Hold-Down timer, 203, 546
hop counts (metrics), 198
Host Membership Query messages, 391–392,
547
Host Membership Report messages, 391, 547
hosts, 276. See also end systems
I
I/O Manager ASICs, 48, 50–51, 50, 549
IBGP (internal BGP). See BGP
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
defined, xxvi-xxvii, 549
icmp-code match condition, 437
icmp-type match condition, 437–438
messages
overview of, 92
reject options, 446–447
traceroute, UDP and, 92
Idle state in BGP, 332, 547
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 326,
402, 480, 549
IGMP (Internet Group Management
Protocol). See also multicast networks
defined, 390–391, 549
verifying, 404–406
version 1, 391–392, 391
version 2, 392–393, 392
version 3, 393
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), 548. See also
IS-IS; OSPF; RIP
IGP-based networks, 475–476, 475–476
IIH (IS-IS Hello) PDUs. See also IS-IS; PDUs
Hello messages, 277, 285, 285
LAN Hello PDUs, 287–289, 287, 291
overview of, 287
point-to-point Hello PDU, 290–292, 290
import, 214, 547
inet protocol family, 70, 75–77
inet routing tables. See routing tables
inet6 protocol family, 70, 80–82
infinity metrics, 198–199, 198–199, 547
ingress routers. See also MPLS
defined, 482, 547
in dynamic LSPs, 503–506, 504
in static LSPs, 497–498
INI (Initial Domain Identifier), 282, 283
Init state in OSPF, 238, 239, 547
Initializing state in IS-IS, 284, 285
insert (configuration) command
defined, 24, 547
to reorder firewall filter terms, 463–464
to reorder routing policies, 177–178
interface cost, 200, 548
interface MTU property, 69, 72
interface-group match condition, 438
576 interfaces – IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)
interfaces. See permanent interfaces; transient
interfaces
Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs), 548. See
also IS-IS; OSPF; RIP
intermediate systems, 276, 548. See also
routers
internal BGP (IBGP). See BGP
Internal Ethernet interface, 62–63, 548
internal routers in OSPF, 247
Internet , BGP and, 322–324, 323
Internet Control Message Protocol. See ICMP
Internet drafts
for BGP, 326
for bootstrap router process, 402
for MPLS, 480
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 326,
402, 480, 549
Internet Group Management Protocol.
See IGMP
Internet Processor ASICs
defined, 49, 549
firewall filters and, 431
versus Internet Processor II ASICs,
139–140
in packet flow, 50–51, 50
IP addresses. See also addresses
configuring in BGP, 350
defined, xxvi
firewall filter match conditions, 438–442
group addresses in PIM, 395–396, 396
multicast group addresses, 378–380, 378
multiple, on transient interfaces, 71
IP (Internet Protocol), 549
ip, using in operational mode, 18
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security), 549
IPv4 interfaces, configuring, 75–77
IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate
System), 276–319
adjacencies, forming, 284–285, 285
adjacency states, 284
applying routing policies in, 174
area addresses, 279, 281, 281, 282, 283
area values, 278, 279, 282–283, 283
areas, defined, 535
commands for troubleshooting
clear isis adjacency, 305
overview of, 303, 303
show isis adjacency, 303–304
show isis adjacency detail, 304–305
show isis database, 308–309
show isis database detail, 309
show isis database extensive, 309–311
show isis hostname, 306–307
show isis interface, 306
show isis route, 308
show isis spf log, 307
show isis statistics, 307–308
comparing to OSPF, 311–312
configuring
disabling fxp0 interface, 302–303
iso protocol family, 82–84, 299
NET ID assignment, 298
network level, 300–303, 300
overview of, 298
physical interfaces, 299
warning, 302
default policies, 173
defined, 276, 548
Designated IS election, 289–290, 289
exam essentials, 312
key terms, 313
levels
defined, 278
design considerations, 280
Level 1, 278–279, 279, 280–281
Level 2, 278–279, 279, 280–281
level match condition, 159, 160
multilevel example, 281, 281
overview of, 282, 304
as link-state protocol, 277
NSAP addressing, 282–283, 283
overview of, 70, 276, 312
Protocol Data Units
common PDU header, 286–287, 286
CSNP PDUs, 292–294, 293
data-link MTUs and, 291–292
defined, 558
in forming adjacencies, 284–285, 285
Hello messages, 277, 285, 285
IS-IS Hello PDUs, 287–292, 287–290
LAN Hello PDUs, 287–289, 288
LSP PDUs, 295–297, 295
ISO – Juniper Networks router components 577
overview of, 285
point-to-point Hello PDU, 290–292,
290
PSNP PDUs, 294–295, 294, 556
triple format (TLVs), 287, 288, 288,
290, 290, 297
types, listed, 286
pseudonodes, 289–290, 289, 311
reliability, 324
review question answers, 318–319
review questions, 314–317
sample network, 276, 277
ISO (International Organization for
Standardization), 548
iso protocol family, 70, 82–84, 299
J
J-cells, 48–49, 549
jbase package, 7, 549
jbundle package, 7, 549
jcrypto package, 7
jdocs package, 7–9, 549
jkernel package, 7, 550
JNCIA Study Guide (this book)
authors/technical editors, xxx-xxxii
CD contents, xxx
how to use, xxix
overview of, xxv
scope of, xxvii
what it covers, xxvii-xxviii
what to know before starting, xxv-xxvii
JNCIS Study Guide (forthcoming), 441, 504
JNTCP (Juniper Networks Technical
Certification Program)
assessment test, xxxiii-xxxix
assessment test answers, xl-xlii
defined, xvii
ERX Edge Routers track, xvii
exam-taking tips, xxv
M-series Routers & T-series Routing
Platforms track
Certified Internet Associate, xvii,
xviii-xix
Certified Internet Expert, xvii-xviii,
xx-xxi
Certified Internet Professional, xvii, xx
Certified Internet Specialist, xvii, xix-xx
overview of, xvii-xviii, xviii
nondisclosure agreement, xxiii
recertification requirements, xxii
registering for exams, xxi-xxii
resources
CertManager website, xxiii-xxiv
Groupstudy mailing list/website, xxiv
JNTCP website, xxiii
overview of, xxiii
Techcenter website, xxiv
technical documentation, xxiv
training courses, xxiv
Join messages in PIM, 397, 397–398, 550
jpfe package, 7, 550
jroute package, 7, 550
Juniper Networks router components, 2–60
exam essentials, 52–53
key terms, 54
overview of, 52
Packet Forwarding Engine. See also Packet
Forwarding Engine
ASICs, 4, 47–49, 50–51, 50
defined, 4, 556
Embedded OS software, 47
flexible PIC concentrator, 4, 5, 63
general functions, 4, 47–52
packet flow, 49–52, 50
physical composition, 4–6
Physical Interface Card, 4, 6
switching control board, 4–5
review question answers, 59–60
review questions, 55–58
Routing Engine. See also JUNOS software
applying firewall filters to, 453–454,
454
defined, 3, 561
general functions, 3
JUNOS software, 3–4, 6–46
overview of, 2, 2
physical composition, 3–4
redundancy options, 42–43, 46–47
warning, 47
578 Juniper Networks Routers: The Complete Reference – JUNOS software
Juniper Networks Routers: The Complete
Reference (Soricelli et al.), xxxi
Juniper Networks routers. See also permanent
interfaces; transient interfaces
applying firewall filters to, 452–453
configuring on. See also individual
protocols
BGP protocol, 346–353, 346
IS-IS protocol, 298–303, 300
OSPF protocol, 255–259, 256, 258
PIM protocol, 406–417
RIP protocol, 210–221, 211, 219
connecting to other vendor routers, 69
default routing table integration, 516–520,
517
verifying IGMP protocol, 404–406
Juniper Networks Technical Certification
Program. See JNTCP
JUNOS software, 6–46. See also individual
commands
architecture, 6–7
boot sequence, 11–13, 12
CLI (command-line interface)
configuration mode, 23–43
defined, 539
operational mode, 13–23
overview of, 13
components, 7–9
configuration mode, 23–43
accessing, 23
accessing operational mode from,
24–26
active configurations, 33
candidate configurations, 33–34, 538
checking configurations, 41–42
command completion function, 26, 539
comparing configurations, 33–34
configuring routers, 28–33, 39–42
cutting/pasting configuration files,
38–39
defined, 539
exiting to operational mode, 41
hierarchy directories, 26–28
(more) prompt, 22, 26
navigating, 26–28
restoring previous configurations,
42–43
saving configuration files, 34–35
top-level command hierarchy, 23–26
warning, 43
configuration mode commands
commit, 33, 39–43
deactivate, 73, 78–79, 541
defined, 24
delete, 24, 32–33
disable, 73, 79–80, 542
discard, 542
for dynamic LSPs, 500–510, 504
edit, 24, 26–32
for firewall filters, 463–464
insert, 24, 177–178, 463–464
install (routes in tables), 520–524, 520
load, 24, 35–39
for PIM protocol, 406–417
rename, 24, 71, 177–180, 464
for RIP protocol, 210–221, 211, 219
rollback, 43
for routing policies, 176–179
for RSVP protocol, 510–516
run, 24–26
save, 24, 34–35
set, 24, 28–29, 31–32, 46
show, 24, 29–30, 32–34
for static LSPs, 494–500, 496
status, 24, 26
top, 24, 28
up, 24, 27
context-sensitive help, 15–16, 540
daemons, 6–7
decimal value conversion, 246
defining martian routes, 127
kernel, 6, 7, 550
load balancing, 137–140, 138
manipulating files on router, 44–46
match type syntax, 163, 165–166, 167
naming convention, 9–10
operational mode, 13–23
accessing, 13
command completion function, 16–18,
539
command history, 18–19
keep-multiplier value in RSVP – loopback testing 579
command variables, 19–22
defined, 555
editing command-lines, 18–19
using ip in, 18
modifying command output, 22–23
top-level command hierarchy, 13–14
operational mode commands. See also
troubleshooting commands
for BGP route knowledge, 354–361,
354, 358
for BGP sessions, 346, 350–353
clear firewall, 462
defined, 13–14
for dynamic LSPs, 506–507, 509–510
file, 44–46
for firewall filters, 460–463
for IGMP, 404–406
for interfaces, 85–91
for IS-IS, 303–311, 303
for multicast networks, 417–420
for OSPF, 259–266
request, 10–11, 13–14
for routing policies, 180–183
show, 13, 14–15
for static LSPs, 499–500
overview of, 3–4
packages, 7, 9, 556
upgrading, 10–11
warning, 13
K
keep-multiplier value in RSVP, 513
keepalive mechanism, 69
Keepalive messages in BGP, 337, 550
kernel, 6, 7, 550
keystroke shortcuts
editing command-lines, 19
modifying command output, 22–23
in monitor interface command, 89
stopping command output, 90
L
Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), 493
label objects, 492, 550
label pop operation, 482, 550
label push operation, 482, 550
label request objects, 492, 550
label switched paths. See MPLS
label switching routers. See MPLS
label values. See also MPLS
configuring in dynamic LSPs, 506
configuring in static LSPs, 496, 496
defined, 484, 484–485, 550
LAN Hello PDUs, 287–289, 288
levels. See IS-IS
line loopback. See loopback testing
link-state acknowledgment packets, 237, 237,
551
Link-State Advertisements. See LSAs
link-state databases, 230, 277, 551
link-state protocols, 230–231, 277. See also
IS-IS; OSPF
link-state request list, 240, 551
link-state request packets, 236, 236, 551
link-state update packets, 237, 237, 551
links, 551
lo0 interface. See Routing Engine
load balancing, 137–140, 138
load (configuration) command
defined, 24
load merge common, 35, 36–37
load merge terminal, 38–39
load override common, 35–36
Loading state in OSPF, 238, 239, 551
Local Preference attribute in BGP, 342, 551
local preference match condition, 159
local significance, 484, 552
local-address command, 349–350
Local-RIB in BGP, 338, 552
locally configured routes. See routing,
protocol-independent
log action modifier, 446, 448–449, 450–451
logical interfaces. See transient interfaces
logical operators, 443–444, 552
logical unit numbers, 64, 67
longer match type keyword, 165, 166, 167,
552
loopback testing. See also transient interfaces
defined, 93, 551
580 loops – messages
using local loopbacks, 93–94, 93
using remote loopbacks, 94–96, 95
loops
creating, 328–329, 331–332
detecting with RROs, 492
in multicast forwarding, 383–384, 384
preventing
with AS Path attribute, 323, 329
with poison reverse, 201–202, 202, 557
with reverse path forwarding, 384–385,
385, 560
loose hops, 490–491, 490–492, 507–508, 552
LSAs (Link State Advertisements)
AS external LSAs, 250–255, 251–254, 256
ASBR summary LSAs, 251–255, 251–254,
256
defined, 237, 237, 242
limiting flooding scope of, 246–255,
249–256
LSA Headers field, 235, 236
network LSAs, 244, 554
network summary LSAs, 246, 248–249,
249–250, 252–254, 252–254, 256
NSSA external LSAs, 255, 256
overview of, 242
router LSAs, 242, 243, 561
types, listed, 236
LSPs (label switched paths). See MPLS
LSPs (link-state PDUs), 295, 295–297, 551
LSRs (label switching routers). See MPLS
M
MAC (Media Access Control), xxvi, 380–383,
381–382
Management Ethernet interface, 62, 545, 552
mapping agents in Auto-RP, 401–402, 552
martian routes, 126–131, 552
master, 46, 552
match conditions. See also firewall filters;
routing policies
for firewall filters
absence of, 445–446
address conditions, 439–441
bit field conditions, 441–444
from syntax in, 434, 440
numeric range conditions, 434–439
overview of, 432, 434
match,, defined, 552
for routing policies
absence of, 169
BGP routes and, 160, 166
defining multiple criteria, 160–161
using from or to keywords, 158–160
listed, 158–160
match, defined, 153
match type keywords, 163, 165–166,
167
overview of, 153, 155, 157–158
using route filters, 161–168
warning, 167
MED (Multiple Exit Discriminator) attribute,
343–344, 553
Media Access Control (MAC), xxvi, 380–383,
381–382
media types in naming interfaces, 64–65
messages. See also packets; PDUs
in BGP
Keepalive messages, 337
message headers, 333–334, 333
Notification messages, 336–337, 336
Open messages, 334, 335
Update messages, 335–336, 336
ICMP messages
reject options, 446–447
traceroute, UDP and, 92
in IGMP protocol, 391–392, 547
in PIM protocol. See also multicast
networks
Join messages, 394, 397–398, 397
message headers, 394–395, 394
Null Register messages, 399, 400
Prune messages, 386–387, 387–388,
389, 390, 394, 397–398, 397
Register messages, 398–399, 398, 559
Register Stop messages, 399, 399, 559
types, listed, 394–395
in RSVP protocol
authenticating, 514–515
defined, 488–489, 488
message aggregation, 489, 513–514, 553
metrics – MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) 581
metrics
defined, 198, 208, 208
incoming, configuring in RIP, 215
infinity metrics, 198–199, 198–199, 547
metric match condition, 159
outgoing, configuring in RIP, 216
mgd (Management Daemon), 6, 552
minus sign (-) in candidate configurations, 33
MMB (Memory Mezzanine Board), 5
monitor (operational) command, 13, 88–90
(more) prompt, 22, 26
MOSPF (Multicast Open Shortest Path First),
387, 393
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching),
474–531
configuring dynamic (RSVP signaled) LSPs
advantage, 500
attributes, 507–510
defined, 561
egress routers and, 506–507
ERO loose hops, 507–508
ingress routers, 503–506, 504
interfaces, 500–501
label values, 506
MPLS protocol, 501–502
overview of, 500
RSVP bandwidth requests, 507,
508–510
RSVP protocol, 502–503
transit routers and, 506–507
and verifying operation, 506–507,
509–510
configuring static LSPs
egress routers and, 497
ingress routers, 497–498
interfaces, 494
label values, 496, 496
MPLS, 495–496
next-hop addresses, 499
overview of, 494
transit routers, 498–499
and verifying operation, 499–500
warning, 500
creation of, 474
defined, 554
exam essentials, 525
Internet drafts for, 480
key terms, 526
label values, 484–485, 484, 550
local significance, 484
LSPs (label switched paths)
versus ATM virtual circuits, 487, 493
configuring dynamic LSPs, 500–510, 504
configuring static LSPs, 494–500, 496
defined, 480–481, 551
dynamic LSPs, 487, 542
next-hop values, 111
overview of, 479
static LSPs, 486–487, 563
LSRs (label switching routers)
defined, 481, 481–482, 551
egress routers, 483–484
ingress routers, 482, 547
label pop operation, 482, 550
label push operation, 482, 550
penultimate hop popping, 483, 483, 484
penultimate routers, 482–483, 483
transmit routers, 482
overview of, 474, 480, 493, 524
packet processing, 485–486, 486
policing traffic in, 493
review question answers, 531
review questions, 527–530
RFCs for, 480
routing table integration
adding routes to inet.0, 523–524
adding routes to inet.3, 520–522, 520
default route assignment to LSPs, 516–
520, 517
manual route assignment to LSPs, 520–
524, 520
overview of, 516
RSVP protocol
bandwidth requests, 493, 507, 508–510
defined, 488, 560
Path messages, 488–489, 488, 556, 561
Resv messages, 488–489, 488, 560, 561
soft state, 488, 489
RSVP protocol, configuring
bandwidth limits, 515–516
hello interval timer, 510–511
keep-multiplier value, 513
582 mpls protocol family – multicast networks
message aggregation, 513–514
message authentication, 514–515
overview of, 510
soft state refresh timer, 512
RSVP protocol extensions
explicit route objects, 490–492,
490–491, 543
hello mechanism, 489
label objects, 492
label request objects, 492, 550
loose hop EROs, 490, 490–491,
491–492
message aggregation, 489, 553
overview of, 489
record route objects, 492
session attribute objects, 492
strict hop EROs, 490–492, 491
tspec objects, 492
warning, 491
shim headers, 484–485, 484, 562
signaling protocols
Label Distribution Protocol, 493
overview of, 488
Resource Reservation Protocol,
488–492, 500–516
traffic engineering history and
ATM overlay networks, 476–478,
476–477
defined, 475, 565
IGP-based networks, 475–476,
475–476
MPLS networks, 478–479, 478–479
overview of, 475
SONET networks, 478
mpls protocol family, 70, 84–85, 494
mpls.0 routing table, 134–135
MTUs (maximum transmission units)
data-link MTUs, PDUs and, 291–292
defined, 553
interface MTU property, 69
overview of, 69
protocol MTU property, 71–72
multicast forwarding cache, 132–133
multicast networks, 374–428
addressing packets
Ethernet addresses, 380–383, 381–382
IP group addresses, 378–380, 378
overview of, 377–378
versus broadcast networks, 374, 376, 376
defined, 374, 377, 377, 553
exam essentials, 421–422
forwarding packets
dense mode forwarding, 386–387,
386–388, 393
loop problem, 383–384, 384
overview of, 383
pruning dense mode, 386–387,
387–388
pruning sparse mode, 389, 390
reverse path forwarding solution,
384–385, 385
sparse mode forwarding, 388–389,
389–390, 393
IGMP protocol
defined, 390–391, 549
verifying, 404–406
version 1, 391–392, 391
version 2, 392–393, 392
version 3, 393
key terms, 422
overview of, 374, 403, 403, 421
PIM protocol
configuring dense mode, 406
configuring sparse mode, 408–417
configuring sparse-dense mode, 407
defined, 393–394, 558
group addresses, 395–396, 396
Join messages, 394, 397–398, 397, 550
message headers, 394–395, 394
message types, listed, 394–395
Null Register messages, 399, 400
Prune messages, 394, 397–398, 397
Register messages, 394, 398–399, 398,
559
Register Stop messages, 399, 399, 559
source addresses, 396–397, 396
unicast addresses, 395, 395
verifying operation of, 417–420
PIM sparse mode networks
Auto-RP, 401–402, 411–415
bootstrap routers, 402–403, 415–417
connecting to shared trees, 400
Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) – Null Register messages in PIM 583
defined, 563
establishing shortest path trees,
400–401
forwarding packets to RPs, 400
overview of, 399–400
rendezvous points, 401–403, 408–409,
411
static RP addresses, 401, 410–411
review question answers, 427–428
review questions, 423–426
routing protocols
Internet Group Management Protocol,
390–393, 391–392
overview of, 390
Protocol Independent Multicast,
393–403, 394–399
source-specific multicasting, 379, 563
versus unicast networks, 374, 375, 375, 380
verifying/troubleshooting, 417–420
Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF),
387, 393
multicast packet flow, 51
multiplier value in RSVP, 513
Multiprotocol Label Switching. See MPLS
multiterm routing policies, 156, 156–157
N
N-selector (SEL) values, 283, 283, 555
named paths. See EROs
naming convention in JUNOS, 9–10
naming firewall filters, 432–433
naming routing policies, 155, 178–179
naming structure for interfaces. See also
transient interfaces
defined, 63–64
examples, 67–68
FPC slot numbers, 64, 65, 65–66
logical unit/channel numbers, 64, 67
media types, 64–65
PIC port numbers, 64, 66–67, 67
PIC slot numbers, 64, 66, 66
navigating configuration mode, 26–28
neighbors. See also BGP; peers
in BGP, 327, 327
defined, 554
fields, in OSPF packets, 233, 234
match condition, 159
in OSPF, 238
NET ID assignment, 298
NET (Network Entity Title), 282–283, 283,
554
network connectivity, BGP and, 322–323, 323
Network Layer Reachability Information
(NLRI), 334, 336, 336, 554
network LSAs, 244, 554
network maps, routing policies and, 153
network summary LSAs
database size and, 252–254, 252–254, 256
defined, 246, 248–249, 249–250, 554
network transmission methods. See
broadcast networks; multicast
networks; unicast networks
New state in IS-IS, 284, 285
Next Hop attribute. See also BGP
default resolution process, 517–520, 527
defined, 339, 554
in manual routing table integration,
520–524, 520
next-hop match condition, 159
reachability in EBGP sessions, 339–340,
340, 357–359, 358
resolving unreachability, 341–342,
362–365
unreachability in IBGP sessions, 340, 341,
359–361
next term action, 447, 449
next-hop options
for aggregated routes, 118
in configuring static LSPs, 499
for static routes, 111
NLRI (Network Layer Reachability
Information), 334, 336, 336, 554
notification cells, 49, 554
Notification messages in BGP, 336, 336–337,
554
NSAP (Network Service Access Point), 282–
283, 283, 554
NSSA external LSAs, 255, 256
NSSAs (not-so-stubby areas), 255, 256, 555
Null Register messages in PIM, 399, 400, 555
584 numeric range match conditions – OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
numeric range match conditions, 434–439,
555
O
One-Way state in IS-IS, 284
Open messages in BGP, 334, 335, 555
OpenConfirm state in BGP, 333, 555
OpenSent state in BGP, 332–333, 555
operational mode. See JUNOS software
OR operations in route filters, 168
Origin attribute in BGP, 343, 555
origin match condition, 159
orlonger match type keyword, 165, 167, 168,
555
OSI (Open System Interconnection) model,
xxvi, 555
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 230–274
applying routing policies in, 174
area match condition, 159
areas, defined, 535
commands for troubleshooting
clear ospf database, 262–263
clear ospf neighbor, 261
show ospf database, 261–262
show ospf interface, 259–260
show ospf log, 263–264
show ospf neighbor, 260–261
show ospf route, 265
show ospf statistics, 264
show route protocol ospf, 265–266
warning, 263
comparing to IS-IS, 311–312
default policies, 173
defined, 230–231, 555
evolution of OSPF networks
designated routers, 244, 245, 541
DR elections, 244–246, 245
Ethernet networks, 243–246, 243, 245
network LSAs, 244, 554
overview of, 242
router LSAs, 242, 243, 561
scaling techniques, 246–255, 247,
249–254
exam essentials, 267
forming adjacencies
adjacency states, 238–239, 239
Ethernet links and, 243–244, 243
example, 239–240
overview of, 238
troubleshooting, 241
warning, 239
getting help from router on, 7–9
key terms, 268
as link-state protocol, 230–231
multiarea networks, 258–259, 258
overview of, 230, 266
packets
common packet header, 232, 233
Database Description, 235–236, 235
hello, 232–234, 233, 556
link-state acknowledgement, 237, 237
link-state request, 236, 236
link-state update, 237, 237
LSAs in, 237, 237, 242
overview of, 232
usage during adjacency formation, 238–
241, 239
reliability, 324
review question answers, 273–274
review questions, 269–272
RFCs for, 231
scaling OSPF networks
ABR routers and, 247
altering area behavior, 252–255, 252–
254, 256
AS external LSAs, 250–255, 251–254,
256
ASBR routers and, 247
ASBR summary LSAs, 251–255, 251–
254, 256
defining area boundaries, 246–248, 247
design considerations, 248
limiting LSA flooding scope, 246–255,
249–256
network summary LSAs, 246, 248–249,
249–250, 252–254, 252–254, 256
non-OSPF routes, 250–251, 251
not-so-stubby areas, 255, 256, 555
NSSA external LSAs, 255, 256
overview of, 246
overlay networks – permanent interfaces 585
reducing database size, 246, 252–255,
252–254, 256
router types and, 247
stub areas, 252–254, 253, 564
totally stubby areas, 254, 254
single-area networks, 255–258, 256
transit areas, 565
waiting on OSPFv3, 234
WaitTimer, 245
overlay networks, 477, 477–478, 479, 556
P
packages, 7, 9, 556
packet filters. See firewall filters
Packet Forwarding Engine. See also Juniper
Networks routers
application-specific integrated circuits
defined, 535
Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs,
48–49
I/O Manager ASICs, 48, 549
Internet Processor ASICs, 49, 139–140
overview of, 4, 47
in packet flow, 50–51, 50
PIC I/O Manager ASICs, 48, 557
defined, 4, 556
Embedded OS software, 47
general functions, 4, 47–52
packet flow
exception packets, 51–52, 543
multicast packets, 51
overview of, 49
unicast packets, 49–51, 50
physical composition
flexible PIC concentrator, 4, 5, 63
Physical Interface Card, 4, 6
switching control board, 4–5
Packet Loss Priority (PLP), 556
Packet Loss Priority (PLP) bit, 455–456, 557
packets. See also messages; PDUs
filtering. See firewall filters
in OSPF
common packet header, 232, 233
Database Description, 235–236, 235
hello, 232–234, 233, 556
link-state acknowledgement, 237, 237
link-state request, 236, 236
link-state update, 237, 237
LSAs in, 237, 237, 242
overview of, 232
usage in forming adjacencies, 238–241,
239
packet-length match condition, 438
processing in MPLS, 485–486, 486
in RIP
maximum size of, 206
request packets, 206
response packets, 206
in RIPv1, 207–208, 207
in RIPv2, 208, 208
PARC Universal Protocol (PUP), 196
pasting configuration files, cutting and, 38–39
Path messages in RSVP, 488, 488–489, 556,
561
path-vector protocols, 323, 556. See also BGP;
distance-vector protocols
payload scrambling property, 69
PDUs (Protocol Data Units). See also IS-IS;
messages; packets
common PDU header, 286–287, 286
CSNP PDUs, 292–294, 293
data-link MTUs and, 291–292
defined, 558
in forming adjacencies, 284–285, 285
IS-IS Hello PDUs
Hello messages, 277, 285, 285
LAN Hello PDUs, 287–289, 288
overview of, 287
point-to-point Hello PDU, 290–292, 290
LSP PDUs, 295–297, 295
overview of, 285
PSNP PDUs, 294–295, 294, 556
triple format (TLVs), 287, 288, 288, 290,
290, 297
peers, 556. See also BGP; neighbors
penultimate hop popping (PHP), 483, 483,
484, 556
penultimate routers, 482–483, 483, 556
permanent interfaces. See also transient
interfaces
defined, 62–63
586 permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) – rename (configuration) command
fxp, overview of, 64, 65
fxp0 interface, disabling, 79–80, 302–303
fxp0 interface, overview, 62, 545
fxp1 interface, 62–63
fxp2 interface, 545, 548
warning, 63
permanent virtual circuits (PVCs), 72–73, 487,
557
pfed (Packet Forwarding Engine Daemon), 6
physical interfaces. See transient interfaces
PIC I/O Manager ASICs, 48, 50–51, 50, 557
PIC (Physical Interface Card). See also FPC
defined, 6, 63, 557
overview of, 4
port numbers, 64, 66–67, 67
slot numbers, 64, 66, 66
Pildush, Galina Diker, xxxi
PIM. See multicast networks
ping (operational) command, 13, 90–91, 499
PLP (Packet Loss Priority), 556
PLP (Packet Loss Priority) bit, 455–456, 557
plus sign (+) in candidate configurations, 33
plus sign (+) in set command, 32
point-to-point Hello PDUs, 290, 290–292
point-to-point links, xxvi
poison reverse, 201–202, 202, 557
policies. See routing policies
policing. See firewall filters
policy controls, BGP and, 323–324
port match condition, 438
pound character (#) in configuration mode, 23
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 69, 557
precedence bits, 438, 557
preference. See protocol preference values
preferred addresses, 70–71, 558
prefix-length-range match type keyword, 165–
166, 167, 558
prefix/prefix-length variables, 163, 165
primary addresses, 70–71, 558
primary contributing routes, 123–125, 558
protocol addresses, 70–71, 558
Protocol Data Units. See PDUs
protocol families, 70, 558. See also inet; inet6;
iso; mpls
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM). See
multicast networks
protocol match condition, 159, 438
protocol MTU property, 71–72
protocol preference values
configuring in RIP, 217–218
defined, 136–137, 558
overview of, 150
preference match condition, 159
Prune messages. See also multicast networks
defined, 558
in dense mode forwarding, 386–387,
387–388
in PIM protocol, 397–398, 397
in sparse mode forwarding, 389, 390
pseudonodes in IS-IS, 289, 289–290, 311
PSNPs (Partial Sequence Number PDUs), 294,
294–295, 556
PUP (PARC Universal Protocol), 196
PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 72–73, 487,
557
Q
quad-wide PICs, 66, 559
qualified next hops, 111, 559
querier routers in IGMP, 391–392, 559
question mark (?) in help system, 15
R
radix trees, 161–163, 162–164
rate policing. See firewall filters
record route objects (RROs), 492, 559
recursive lookups, 111, 559
redundancy options, Routing Engine, 42–43,
46–47
Register messages in PIM, 398, 398–399, 559
Register Stop messages in PIM, 399, 399, 559
reject action, 446, 559
reject next hops, 111, 118, 559
Reject state in IS-IS, 284
remote IP address next-hop, 111
remote loopbacks, 94–96, 95
rename (configuration) command
defined, 24, 179, 560
rendezvous points – routers 587
rename address, 71, 180
rename filter, 464
rename policy-statement, 178, 179
rename term, 179, 464
rendezvous points. See RPs
Request messages in RIP, 199–200, 201, 206,
560
request (operational) command, 10–11, 13, 14
resolve next hops, 111, 560
Resource Reservation Protocol. See RSVP
Response messages in RIP, 200–201, 206, 560
restoring previous configurations, 42–43
result cells, 48, 560
Resv messages in RSVP, 488, 488–489, 560,
561
reverse path forwarding (RPF), 384–385, 385,
560
RFCs (Request for Comments)
for BGP protocol, 326
defined, 560
finding online, 197
for MPLS protocol, 480
for OSPF protocol, 231
RIBs (Routing Information Bases). See also BGP
Adjacency-RIB-In, 337
Adjacency-RIB-Out, 338
defined, 337, 561
Local-RIB, 338
rib match condition, 159, 160, 438
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 196–228
applying routing policies in, 173–174
configuring
applying export policies, 212–214
applying import policies, 214
authentication, 216–217
incoming metrics, 215
minimum configuration, 210–212, 211
nonzero reserved fields and, 220–221
outgoing metrics, 216
overview of, 210
packet acceptance, 220–221
route advertisement, 212–214
route preference values, 217–218
update messages, 218–220, 219
default policies, 172
defined, 196, 561
exam essentials, 221–222
infinity metrics, 198–199, 198–199
input processing, 199–200
key terms, 222
limitations, 205–206
metrics, 198, 208, 208
output processing, 201
overview of, 196, 199, 221
packets
maximum size of, 206
with nonzero reserved fields, 220–221
for Request messages, 199–200, 201, 206
for Response messages, 200–201, 206
in RIPv1, 207–208, 207
in RIPv2, 208, 208
portability features, 197–198
using in real world, 212
review question answers, 227–228
review questions, 223–226
RIPv2 extensions, 209
stability features
hold-downs, 203
overview of, 201
poison reverse, 201–202, 202, 557
split horizon, 201, 563
triggered updates, 202, 566
standards, 197
timers
example of use, 204–205
Garbage Collection timer, 204
Hold-Down timer, 203
randomizing, 203
Timeout timer, 204
Update timer, 203, 567
rollback (configuration) command, 43
route redistribution, 152, 152, 561
router IDs, 232, 233, 244–245, 245, 561
router interfaces. See permanent interfaces;
transient interfaces
router LSAs, 242, 243, 561
router priority values
assigning to bootstrap routers, 415–417
defined, 561
in OSPF, 244–245, 245
routers. See also Juniper Networks routers
defined, xxvi, 150
588 Routing Engine – routing policies
overview of, 276
processes of, 150
testing physical circuits between, 93–97,
93, 95
Routing Engine. See also Juniper Networks
router components; JUNOS software
applying firewall filters to, 453–454, 454
defined, 3, 561
general functions, 3
JUNOS software, 3–4, 6–46
overview of, 2, 2
physical composition, 3–4
redundancy options, 42–43, 46–47
warning, 47
Routing Information Bases. See RIBs
Routing Information Protocol. See RIP
routing policies, 150–193
actions
action modifiers, 170–171
defined, 534
flow control actions, 170, 544
overview of, 169
terminating actions, 153, 155, 169
applying to
BGP protocol, 174–176, 342, 353–354,
354, 362
IGP protocols, 173–174
OSPF and IS-IS protocols, 174
overview of, 173
RIP protocol, 173–174, 212–214
warning, 156
BGP protocol and, 323–324
changing order of, 177–178
composing
actions, 169–171
default policies and, 171–173
example, 155
match conditions, 157–169
multiterm policies, 156–157, 156
overview of, 153
policy processing and, 153–155, 154
configuring multiple policies, 177
default policies in
BGP protocol, 172
IGP protocols, 172–173
IS-IS protocol, 173
OSPF protocol, 173
overview of, 171
RIP protocol, 172
defined, 150–151
effect on network maps, 153
exam essentials, 184
if-then-else loops and, 154
injecting routes into BGP with, 353–354,
354
key terms, 185
match conditions
absence of, 169
BGP routes and, 160, 166
defined, 552
defining multiple criteria, 160–161
using from or to keywords, 158–160
listed, 158–160
match type keywords, 163, 165–166,
167
overview of, 153, 155, 157–158
using route filters, 161–168
warning, 167
naming, 155, 178–179
overview of, 183–184
policy chains
changing policy order in, 177–178
complex, simplifying, 156–157, 156
defined, 557
evaluation order in, 153–154, 154
out-of-order, fixing, 155–156
review question answers, 192–193
review questions, 186–191
using route filters
AND or OR operations in, 168
defined, 560
match type syntax, 163, 165–166, 167
multiple route filters, 166–168, 167
overview of, 161
radix trees, 161–163, 162–164
routers and, 150
routing tables and
defined, 150
inbound versus outbound routes, 153
purpose of modifying, 151–152,
151–152
selecting active routes, 136–137, 150
routing, protocol-independent – RPTs (rendezvous point trees) 589
uses
modifying default behavior of
protocols, 152
modifying default route selection, 151,
151
route redistribution, 152, 152
verifying, 180–183, 181
routing, protocol-independent, 108–148
default routing tables
accessing, 131
bgp.12vpn.0, 135–136
bgp.13vpn.0, 135
inet.0, 131–132
inet.1, 132–133
inet.2, 133
inet.3, 133–134
inet.4, 134
inet6.0, 134
mpls.0, 134–135
overview of, 131
exam essentials, 140
key terms, 141
load balancing, 137–140, 138
locally configured aggregated routes
attributes, 118–119
in BGP, route policies and, 166
configuration examples, 119–121
contributing routes, 117
defined, 116, 116–117
next-hop options, 118
locally configured generated routes
contributing routes, 121–123, 121
defined, 121, 545
primary contributing routes, 123–125,
558
pros and cons, 125
locally configured routes, overview, 108
locally configured static routes
advantages, 109–110
attributes, 112–114
configuration examples, 114–116, 115
defined, 108–110, 109–110
disadvantages, 109–110
floating static routes, 111, 112
next-hop options, 111
martian routes, 126–131, 552
overview of, 108, 140
protocol preference values, 136–137
review question answers, 147–148
review questions, 142–146
routing tables, 131–137, 516–524
default tables
accessing, 131
bgp.12vpn.0, 135–136
bgp.13vpn.0, 135
inet.0, 131–132, 547
inet.1, 132–133, 547
inet.2, 133, 547
inet.3, 133–134, 547
inet.4, 134, 547
inet6.0, 134, 547
mpls.0, 134–135
overview of, 131
defined, 150, 561
inbound versus outbound routes, 153
integration
adding routes to inet.0, 523–524
adding routes to inet.3, 520–522, 520
default integration, 516–520, 517
manual integration, 520–524, 520
overview of, 516
overview of, 3, 131
protocol preference values, 136–137
purpose of modifying, 151–152, 151–152
recursive lookups, 111, 559
scalability, BGP and, 325
selecting active routes, 136–137, 150
troubleshooting in BGP, 353–354, 354
rpd (Routing Protocol Daemon), 6, 561
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 384–385, 385
RPs (rendezvous points). See also multicast
networks
advertisement options, 401–403
Auto-RP option, 401–402, 411–415, 536
defined, 388, 389, 560
forwarding packets to, 400
local RPs, 408–409, 411
RP-Set messages, 402
static RP option, 401, 410–411
RPTs (rendezvous point trees), 388, 389
590 RROs (record route objects) – sparse mode
RROs (record route objects), 492, 559
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol). See
also MPLS
bandwidth requests, 493, 507, 508–510
configuring
bandwidth limits, 515–516
hello interval timer, 510–511
keep-multiplier value, 513
message aggregation, 513–514
message authentication, 514–515
overview of, 510
soft state refresh timer, 512
defined, 488, 560
extensions
explicit route objects, 490–492, 490–
491, 543
hello mechanism, 489
label objects, 492
label request objects, 492, 550
loose hops, 490, 490–491, 491–492
message aggregation, 489, 553
overview of, 489
record route objects, 492
session attribute objects, 492
strict hops, 490–492, 491
tspec objects, 492
warning, 491
Path messages, 488–489, 488, 556, 561
Resv messages, 488–489, 488, 560, 561
RSVP signaled LSPs. See MPLS
soft state, 488, 489
run (configuration) command
defined, 24–26
run show igmp interface, 405–406
run show interfaces, 25
run show route, 25–26
S
sample action modifier, 451–452
save (configuration) command, 24, 34–35
SCB (System Control Board), 5, 564
scrambling property, 69
secondary addresses, 71
security, 430. See also authentication; firewall
filters
SEL (N-selector) values, 283, 283, 555
session attribute objects, 492, 562
set (configuration) command, 19, 24, 29,
31–32
SFM (Switching and Forwarding Module), 5,
564
shared trees, 388, 389, 400, 562
shim headers in MPLS, 484, 484–485, 562
Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm, 562
shortest path trees (SPTs), 400–401, 562
show (configuration) command. See also
JUNOS software
using with compare, 33–34
defined, 24, 29–30
show policy-options, 353–354, 354, 362
show system, 30, 32–33
show (operational) command. See also
troubleshooting commands
defined, 13–15, 29–30
show chassis, 408
show chassis hardware, 431
show cli, 14, 17, 20–21
show interfaces, 14, 18, 21–22
show interfaces terse, 21–22, 74–75, 78–80
show route, 15, 17–18, 361
show route advertising-protocol, 180–183,
181, 355, 562
show route detail, 357, 359, 364–365
show route hidden, 340, 360–361
show route protocol static, 114–116, 115
show route receive-protocol, 180–183,
181, 355, 562
show route table, 131–136
show version, 10, 15
soft state refresh timer, 512
soft state in RSVP, 488, 489, 563
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)
defined, 564
IPv4 interfaces, configuring inet to, 76–77
speeds, 478
Soricelli, Joseph M., xxxi
source addresses in PIM, 396, 396–397
source-based tree, 387, 388, 563
source-port match condition, 439
source-specific multicasting (SSM), 379, 563
sparse mode. See multicast networks
SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm – traffic engineering history 591
SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm, 562. See
also Dijkstra Algorithm
split horizon feature
defined, 201, 563
overview of, 198
with poison reverse, 201–202, 202, 557
SPTs (shortest path trees), 400–401, 562
SSB (System Switching Board), 5, 564
Stallings, William, 292
static IPv4 routes, 487
static LSPs. See MPLS
static routes. See also routing,
protocol-independent
advantages/disadvantages, 109–110
attributes, 112–114
configuration examples, 114–116, 115
defined, 108–110, 109–110
floating static routes, 111, 112
next-hop options, 111
static RP in PIM, 401, 410–411
status (configuration) command, 24, 26
strict hops in MPLS, 490–492, 491, 563
stub areas. See also OSPF
defined, 252–254, 253, 564
not-so-stubby areas, 255, 256, 555
totally stubby areas, 254, 254
subnet masks, 208, 208, 564
SVCs (switched virtual circuits), 487
switches, xxvi
switching control board, 4–5
Switching and Forwarding Module (SFM), 5,
564
synchronizing redundant Routing Engines,
42–43
Synchronous Optical Network. See SONET
syslog action modifier, 446, 452, 564
System Control Board (SCB), 5, 564
system IDs in IS-IS, 283, 283
System Switching Board (SSB), 5, 564
T
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
defined, xxvi, 565
overview of, 324
TCP port 179, 324, 565
TCP sessions in BGP, 327–332, 327–328,
330
tcpdump utility, 89, 565
TED (Traffic Engineering Database)
algorithm, 504
terminating actions
defined, 565
in firewall filters, 446–447
in routing policies, 153, 155, 169
terms
defined, 565
in firewall filters
to accept TCP return packets, 444–445
defined, 433–434
to drop known bad packets, 445–446
overview of, 432
reordering, 433, 463–464
in routing policies, 156–157, 156
test (operational) command, 14, 97
testing physical circuits between routers
with BERT tests, 96–97
with loopback testing, 93–96, 93, 95
overview of, 92
tests. See JNTCP
through match type keyword, 166, 167, 565
timers. See also RIP
example of use, 204–205
Garbage Collection timer, 204, 545
Hold-Down timer, 203, 546
randomizing, 203
Timeout timer, 204, 565
Update timer, 203, 567
TLV format in IS-IS PDUs, 287, 288, 288, 290,
290, 297
TLV type bits in BGP, 339
to keywords in match conditions, 158–160
token-bucket algorithm, 455, 565
top (configuration) command, 24, 28
totally stubby areas in OSPF, 254, 254, 565
traceroute (operational) command, xxvii, 14,
91–92, 499
Traffic Engineering Database (TED)
algorithm, 504
traffic engineering history. See also MPLS
ATM overlay networks, 476–478,
476–477
592 traffic specifier (tspec) objects – troubleshooting
defined, 475, 565
IGP-based networks, 475–476, 475–476
MPLS networks, 478–479, 478–479
overview of, 475
SONET networks, 478
traffic specifier (tspec) objects, 492, 566
transient interfaces, 62–105. See also Juniper
Networks routers; permanent interfaces
applying firewall filters to
overview of, 452–453
remote in-band interfaces, 453
Routing Engine (lo0 interface), 453–
454, 454
transit interfaces, 454, 454
warning, 454
commands for troubleshooting
monitor interface, 88–89
monitor traffic, 89–90
ping atm, 91
ping (destination), 90–91, 499
show arp, 90
show interfaces extensive, 85–88, 97
traceroute, 91–92, 499
configuring
deactivating configurations, 73, 78–79
disabling configurations, 73, 79–80
in dynamic LSPs, 500–501
overview of, 74–75, 74
in static LSPs, 494
verifying configurations, 77–78
configuring inet family to IPv4 interfaces
ATM interfaces, 76
Ethernet interfaces, 75–76
overview of, 75
SONET interfaces, 76–77
configuring protocol families
inet6 to IPv6 interfaces, 80–82
iso to IS-IS interfaces, 82–84, 299
mpls to MPLS interfaces, 84–85
defined, 63, 565
exam essentials, 98
key terms, 99
logical interface properties
overview of, 68, 70
protocol addresses, 70–71
protocol families, 70
protocol MTUs, 71–72
virtual circuit addresses, 72–73
multiple IP addresses on, 71
naming structure
defined, 63–64
examples, 67–68
FPC slot numbers, 64, 65, 65–66
logical unit/channel numbers, 64, 67
media types, 64–65
PIC port numbers, 64, 66–67, 67
PIC slot numbers, 64, 66, 66
overview of, 62, 98
physical interface properties, 68–69
review question answers, 104–105
review questions, 100–103
testing physical circuits between
with BERT, 96–97
with loopbacks, 93–96, 93, 95
overview of, 92
viewing installed interfaces, 74–75
transit areas in OSPF, 565
transit routers. See also MPLS
defined, 482, 565
in dynamic LSPs, 506–507
in static LSPs, 498–499
transmission methods. See broadcast networks;
multicast networks; unicast
networks
triggered updates, 198, 202, 566
Triple-DES algorithm, 566
triples. See TLV
troubleshooting
adjacency formation in OSPF, 241
BGP routing table limitation, 353–354, 354
IBGP peer sessions
Active state problem, 350
avoiding routing loops, 328–329,
331–332
with IBGP full-mesh, 330, 331–332
IP address configuration, 350
Next Hop unreachability, 340–342,
341, 359–365
local RP setup in PIM, 409–410
multicast Ethernet networks, 380, 383
multicast forwarding loops, 383–385,
384–385
troubleshooting commands – unit numbers 593
physical circuits between interfaces, 93–97,
93, 95
troubleshooting commands. See also show
command
for BGP routes
show route advertising-protocol bgp,
355, 359–360, 363
show route detail, 357
show route protocol bgp, 355–357
show route protocol bgp terse, 358, 364
show route receive-protocol bgp, 355,
360, 363–364, 518
for BGP sessions
overview of, 346, 350
show bgp group, 352
show bgp neighbor, 352–353
show bgp summary, 351
for checking configurations, 41–42
for dynamic LSPs, 506–507, 509–510
for firewall filters
show firewall, 460
show firewall log, 451, 460–461
show interfaces filters, 462
show interfaces policers, 462–463
show log messages, 461–462
show policer, 463
for IGMP protocol, 404–406
for IS-IS networks
clear isis adjacency, 305
overview of, 303, 303
show isis, 14, 15–16
show isis adjacency, 303–305
show isis database, 308–309
show isis database extensive, 309–311
show isis hostname, 306–307
show isis interface, 306
show isis route, 308
show isis spf log, 307
show isis statistics, 307–308
for multicast networks
show multicast route, 420
show multicast rpf, 419
show multicast usage, 420
show pim join extensive, 418
show pim neighbors, 417
show pim source, 418–419
show route table inet.1, 132–133, 420
for OSPF networks
clear ospf database, 262–263
clear ospf neighbor, 261
show ospf database, 261–262
show ospf interface, 259–260
show ospf log, 263–264
show ospf neighbor, 260–261
show ospf route, 265
show ospf statistics, 264
show route protocol ospf, 265–266, 348
warning, 263
overview of, xxvii
for PIM protocol
show pim join extensive, 418
show pim neighbors, 417
show pim source, 418–419
for RIP, 211–212, 213–214
for router interfaces
monitor interface, 88–89
monitor traffic, 89–90
ping atm, 91
ping (destination), 90–91, 499
show arp, 90
show interfaces extensive, 85–88, 97
traceroute, 91–92, 499
show route (for routing policies), 180–183,
181
for static LSPs, 499–500
tspec (traffic specifier) objects, 492, 566
TTL (time-to-live) values, 92
2-Way state in OSPF, 238, 239, 534
U
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), xxvi, 92, 197,
567
ultimate hop popping, 483–484
unicast networks
addresses in PIM, 395, 395
defined, 566
versus multicast networks, 374, 375, 375,
380
packet flow, 49–51, 50
unit numbers, 64, 67
594 units – XNS RIP (Xerox Network System Routing Information Protocol)
units, 70, 566
Unix tcpdump utility, 89, 565
up (configuration) command, 24, 27
Up state in IS-IS, 284, 285
Update messages in BGP, 335–336, 336, 567
Update messages in RIP, 218–220, 219
Update timer, 203, 567
upgrading JUNOS software, 10–11
upto match type keyword, 165, 167, 567
V
Van Meter, Thomas E., xxxi
variables in operational commands, 19–22
VCIs (virtual circuit identifiers), 72, 258, 567
VCs (virtual circuits)
address property, 72–73
ATM virtual circuits, 476–477, 476
defined, 567
permanent virtual circuits, 487
switched virtual circuits, 487
VLANs (virtual local area networks), 73, 567
VPI (virtual path identifier), 72, 567
VPNs (virtual private networks), 73, 567
vt100 mode, 18–19
W
WaitTimer in OSPF, 245
WAN (wide area network) links, xxvi
Warble, Todd M., xxxi
WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing),
568
web addresses
authors, xxx
Boson, xxx
cflowd, 452
Core Routing, xxx
finding RFCs, 197, 231
IANA, 126
IETF Internet drafts
bootstrap router process, 402
finding, 326, 480
MPLS, 565
Juniper ERX Edge Routers track, xvii
reserved multicast addresses, 380
test simulation software, xxx
Wong, Steven T.Y., xxxi-xxxii
WRR (weighted round-robin), 568
X
XNS RIP (Xerox Network System Routing
Information Protocol), 196